The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 964 Words

The war between the United States and the former Soviet Union, referred to as the Cold War, was one in which no fighting occurred directly between the two powers. The primary reason for the war for the Soviet Union was to spread communism while the U.S. attempted to stop the spread of communism to make way for capitalism. The U.S. and the Soviet Union considered themselves different to their core, but they used identical tactics to fight this war. Although the Cold War was considered and arms race, such that the main fighting was trying to have more nuclear power than the enemy, the most important soldiers of the Cold War were artists. The weapons these artists used were children, illustrating them in a way that would provoke the population to consent to the war. The Cold War was fought using propaganda involving children with messages including protection, prosperity, and stereotypes. The first type of propaganda used in the Cold War by both the United States and the Soviet Union wa s depicting children as happy because their bliss represents a nation that is prosperous. Both nations believed that if domestic order could be achieved, national order would follow effortlessly because the family unit is the first line of defense against the opposing system. The nations believed having happy, well educated, prosperous children was a sign that their economic system was superior, so both nations tried to give the children the best lives possible, meaning children born in theShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism an d the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communi st Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1038 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of events during the time of World War II, tensions between the United States and the Communists such as the Soviet Union and China, developed into a military and political conflict such as the Cold War. During the Cold War, which went on for 50 years, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to expand their economical and political influence. Although, the United States military has increased in size and it’s strategy. The United States power today is highly supreme when it

The American Civil War - 1640 Words

The divide of the social divide that developed on the opposite ends of the Mason-Dixon Line came from over centuries of development. The culture that ended in the two waring ends of the United States began as a nearly identical one. Over the growth of a new nation the two regions divided along strict moral, political, and economic lines that came to a head in what is known as the American Civil War. What really led this nation to divide so drastically from its coming together to fight off an imperial rule and form democratic state though? While many place the blame on the ‘evil’ South and their acceptance of owning human people but this entirely discounts the racism and xenophobia of the North at the time. Like most things, the victor gets†¦show more content†¦This was a huge market and kept a lot of people in favor of slavery. Insurance for slaves was another part of the Northern connection with many banks being a part of the New York economy. Even the manufact uring that decreased the need for slaves made the clothing sold to the Southern farms and plantations for their slaves. The North needed the slave market as much as those who owned them. While the debate of the morality of slavery was an issue that plagued Congress and the citizens of the States since the inception of the United States, the moral call to action against slavery really began as way to get white people jobs that were directly competing with slaves. In the early to mid-19th century, there was a large migration of Europeans from countries such as Ireland, England, Germany, and more. The majority of these people came to the Northern region in search of work which was mostly manufacturing and factory work. This work was dirty, dangerous, and time consuming with very little pay. The immigrants were looked as lesser people the same way as slaves with many questioning if the Irish were even white. Because of this sort of dispute, the search for decent wages became particularly hard as freed men and slaves lowered the overall wages the immigrants could receive. The competition for the lower class people to find work when slaves were easily accessible became a d ivision in its own right.Show MoreRelatedAmerican War And The American Civil War1551 Words   |  7 Pageswhich then caused the Southern states of America to decide to leave the American Union and create their own Southern Confederacy. This tore our nation apart. The American Civil War had begun and the very people that were once neighbors had each other’s blood on their hands. Many American lives had been lost. The American lives lost in the Civil War even exceeded the number of American lives lost during World War I and World War II. We were divided. The North wanted to reunite with the southern statesRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was arguably the most important war in the history of the country. The War of Independence may have allowed American to become its’ own country, but the Civil War resulted in something even more important than that, the end of slavery in the southern states. All of the issues th at caused the Civil war were based around slavery, such as states’ rights that involved how slavery would be handled in each state, and trying to preserve the Union since the south seceded from the northRead MoreThe American Civil War1296 Words   |  6 Pages The American Civil War, also known as the State’s War, was a conflict that arose mostly from the issue of slavery, but deep down was due to economic differences between the North and the South. The South seceded from the North and created their own self-government due to their belief in the lack of state’s rights versus the federal government and what they saw as a weakness in the Articles of Confederation. While the Confederacy of the United States depended on slave labor for their economy in regardsRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1618 Words   |  7 Pages A Civil War is a battle between the same citizens in a country. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the inde pendence for the Confederacy or the survival of the Union. By the time Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1861, in the mist of 34 states, the constant disagreement caused seven Southern slave states to their independence from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, generally known as the South, grew to include elevenRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1324 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many events that led to the cause of one of America’s most devastating war, the American Civil War. The American Civil War was an unfortunate war that cost more than the lives of six hundred thousand people. Events such as the Missouri Compromise, Kansas Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision, and the Election of Abraham Lincoln resulted in the four yearlong battles between the Northern and Southern states due to social and economic differences on the idea of slavery. In the 19th century,Read MoreThe American Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was â€Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in placeRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War lasted from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865. It was the bloodiest war in American history, killing approximately 620,000 soldiers in total. The War was fought and won by the North, ensuring that all the United States would stay united and slavery would be illegal in The United States. However, history is one of the m ost complicated things in the world. It’s also one of the most important things in the world because history is what made the present possible. Historians have debatedRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1439 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the American Civil War began in the spring of 1861, those flocking to enlistment stations in states both north and south chiefly defined their cause as one of preservation. From Maine to Minnesota, young men joined up to preserve the Union. From Virginia to Texas, their future foes on the battlefield enlisted to preserve a social order, a social order at its core built on the institution of slavery and racial superiority . Secession had not been framed by prominent Southerners like Robert ToombsRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War960 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery even if it meant war caused peace in this nation. Slavery was the vital cause of the American Civil War. The north and the south both had their differences on how to run the country. People in the North believed in unity and that slavery should not exist because â€Å"all men are created equally.† On the other hand, the South believed in continuing slavery. People tried to talk it out and come to a middle ground after both sides compromising, however that didn’t work and caused war. Ideological differencesRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War856 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery may have been established as the catalyst of the American Civil War, but the beginning of the dispute began in the time of the Revolution with a weak decentralized government under the Articles of Confederation. Later gained momentum as territorial expansion set Americans against each other on debating whether the new states should be slave states or free states, it questioned the power of the Federal government regarding state rights, and brought about instability in the unity of the United

Social Media Influence On Consumer Selection

Question: Describe the Social media plays an important role in the world today. Answer: (1) Introduction Background of the study Social media has been always argued to have initiated as a way by which traditional information sources can be replaced. Social media has been accepted by various researchers such as Jepsen, 2006 to have an impact on the process of buying behaviour and the same has also been described using several models such as Input-Processing-Response models. De Valck et al, 2009, moreover suggested that communities virtually have become essential consumer knowledge networks that impact the behaviour of the customer. Social media, today enjoys a phenomenal movement with respect to becoming famous among the users of web (Beerli et al, 2003). The claim of Facebook has also been that users actively are 750 million across the world with expenditure being more than 750 billion minutes every month (Constantinides, 2009). 175 million users are hosted by Twitter which averagely post a billion tweets in a week. Therefore, it can be said that in the industry of Tourism as well, behaviour of customers has b een impacted by the information communication technologies developments and a dramatic change especially has been caused by Web 2.0 on the way in which customers make plans and consume products related to travel. According to Gretzel et al, 2008, social media influence has been predicted in the travel industry to have a dramatic emergence. It was found by eMarketer in the year 2008 by conducting a survey that approximately 82 percent of online customers in US have a frequent check over reviews present online, on blogs and several feedbacks gained online for purchase decisions related to travelling (Cox et al, 2009). The importance of social media role in the process of tourism planning on the behaviour of the customers has been the main reason for which this literature review has been formulated. This literature review academically will attempt to highlight the social media influence perceived level on choices of accommodation and destination along with trust perceived level to cont ent of social media with regard to several information related to travel. Identified Managerial Issues The main identified issue in the paper upon significant research is on 2 perspective. The first is inclusive of analysing the impact of social media over knowledge of tourism and culture along with problem with social media from the perspective of tourism. (2) Literature Review In the world today, companies of tourism such as Trip Advisor, which is the leading customer review website across the travel industry, is serving more than 50 million individuals every month seeking advice on their plans of travelling with the help from reviews of travelling and their suggestions (Decrop, 1996). It has been argued that moreover social media has taken up an essential role in the search for information amongst the travellers and behaviours of decision making. In order to further elaborate on the social media influence in travel industry, the focus will be on measuring the usage levels of social media and their scope during the planning process of complete travel plans of these customers (Buhalis et al, 2008). (2.1) Social Media Impact on Knowledge of Culture and Tourism According to Kaplan and Haenlein, social media can be defined as a group of applications based on the web helping to enhance the ideology and technology base of Web 2.0 in order to help in creating and exchanging content generated by users. Even though there are several approached existing with regard to taxonomies of social media such as taxonomies developed by Constantinides 2009, Fischer et al 2011, Kim et al 2010 and Mangold, 2009, a taxonomy was proposed by Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010 that could provide types of social media to be classified in accordance to the social presence level and self-presentation level (De Valck et al, 2009). There are 6 social media types identified by them inclusive of websites to network, blogs, communitys content, virtual social environment and virtual gaming worlds. However, still, social media of other types are neglected under this taxonomy such as those inclusive of small blogs, reviews of customers and websites rating and fora on Internet. Purchases related to travelling are generally regarded complicated especially because these products have a composite and experiential appearance which involves higher risks and this results in needing a vast range of search related to information. In such processes of information search, customers depend upon other experiences of travellers as a way by which utilities exchange can be increased and uncertainty can be deceased. Right after the initial communities over the virtual world were created, it was transpired that the content on the web was regarded same as suggestions being given by close friends or people with same thought process (Hansel et al, 2005). Throughout the era of Web 2.0, the applications of social media started becoming more famous with levels of use helping in delivering characteristic plethora that allows expression of individuals and content sharing. The support of Ad-ology is also on the fact that concerning more than 20 percent users of web in US somewhat be ing impacted through social media when considering travel plans. Therefore, social media has become essential in the planning process to travel especially because of the main role that they play that is helping the sources of information to be gained by the travellers from other peoples experiences. At the similar time, sources of information being provided is not the only purpose social media serves but it also helps in telling stories, posting activities related to travelling etc in a consistent manner along with providing a belongingness to communities of virtual travel (Gretzel, 2008). There have been various studies focusing on social media impact and role related to decisions of travelling such as the studies by Gretzel et al 2007 wherein it was found by the researchers that posting reviews online related to travelling and rating the travel related websites helps in enhancing the motivation of the customers especially when they are still making decisions regarding their plan (Decrop, 2006). Also, the travellers feel their risk is reduced and they are assisted by the views of so many in making an accommodation or a destination selection. Henceforth, social media for travellers helps in rightly formulating a decision as per the plans and requirements of the travellers. Additionally, it was found by Blose and Pan 2008, that travellers throughout the various stages of their process of planning consistently check the reviews of accommodation to make choices in the best possible manner (Fotis et al, 2012). According to Mack et al, 2008 the travel blogs influence and cr edibility is evident and the WOM traditionally has been found to be more trust worthy in comparison to posts of blogs advised by strangers. (2.2) Social media advancement in the tourism industry According to Technorati, 2010, those individuals posting in the blogs are perceived to be blog with authority and still have scope to improve in the future in terms of credibility with increase in the number of blogging posts (Technorati, 2010). According to Yoo et al, 2009 on the other hand, it was found that content generated by users is of the perception that there is more credibility when a post is from official bureau sites rather than from general sites of review along with travelling blogs, sites of social networking and communities based on content. According to Vermeulen et al, 2009, in their study, it was acknowledged on the basis of reviews of customers that an impact is also gained over the customers by reading reviews related to accommodation choices and it was found that the hotel consideration is increased when they gain exposure to reviews that are not only negative but also positive (Martin et al, 2013). In this attempt of revealing social media role across the proce ss of planning in tourism industry by the customers, it was found by Cox et al 2009 that mostly social media is used before trip is planned and during the trip as well as after it the use of social media is highly limited. In a specific manner it can be said that primarily social media was used only after the choice of holiday destination was made instead of during the destination choice evaluation. Social media, moreover has been also perceived to be lesser reliable than information sources available traditionally (Nicoletta et al, 2012). It can be however argued that this results can attribute to the perspective that the sample of studies has been obtained from official tourism websites mailing list and hence there is a possibility of predisposition positively to take place in the direction of information sources present officially. It has also been suggested by White, 2010 that photos on Facebook related to travelling help in enhancing viewers interest and can in an easy manner f orm a component of viewers travelling destination (White, 2010). On the contrary, the research performed by Mack et al, 2010 suggested that blogs related to tourism are trustworthy but only after personal reviews and ratings provided by the customers who are members on online websites of travel agents. However, the arguments presented by Parra-Lopez et al 2011, in alignment to the above mentioned research studies indicated that most of the current studies have made an attempt to highlight the social media role instead of focusing on particular social media types and particular communities or even at particular planning process stage when travelling plans are made indicating that there does not exist sufficient research academically on social media role and impact completely across the planning process of holiday travel (Nusair et al, 2012). This literature review will attempt to fill the gap by understanding the social media extent when impacting, influence, predominance of social media and even the changing customer behaviour. (2.3) Problems with Social Media in Tourism Industry More and more information related to travelling destination is collected by travellers in order to prevent themselves from securing wrong information on their planned destination for travel. Rust of tourists can be altered especially by giving marketing advices officially but the only fact that these tourists will abide to it is that offer them credibility and reliability. According to Murphy et al, 2010, attitudes shared online generally have been examined in their study in which they found that frequently approximately 50 percent of respondents shared messages and photographs when they were travelling and lesser percentage shared videos of the same. From this perspective the study indicated that participants mostly shared information on their individual website of social media rather than sharing on media sites (Payne Jown et al, 2013). According to Gretzel et al 2007, a comprehensive survey in their study indicated that the reviews of online travel impact customers also when they are recommending a tourist destination to their friends or acquaintances. The study was performed on 1500 participants who were tripadvisor.com regular users (Parra-Lopez et al, 2012). The important result in the study indicated that the opinion of the travellers on the reviews of travelling were used frequently as an information source. Travel 2.0 is a phrase representing Web 2.0 extension and customization within the industry of tourism. The description provided by Travel 2.0 is on travel websites in the new generation advocating newer technologies helping in collaboration of society between the travellers wherein sharing experiences of the travellers becomes easy with other travellers (Shao et al, 2012). This data is regarded by tourists to be even more credible than normal suggestions because more interest nowadays of these customers is in gaining suggestion of partner travellers. Web 2.0 also in the tourist businesses has a unique opportunity to provide which is related to attaining beneficial scores for travellers helping businesses to focus on the reaction of markets when offering a product and service and for using the same data in developing businesses. (2.4) Importance of Social Media in Tourism Image of a brand helps customers to acknowledge the rightness of a product for fulfilling the needs. Stronger image of branding for a company helps in encouraging loyalty of brand. The brand image associated helps the customers in creating, transforming and expressing individual identifies (Marianna et al, 2012). Brand attributes functional and symbolic nature has an impact on loyalty of the tourists destination. Self-congruity and symbolic characters influence the intension of tourists in revisiting their selected destination. There are various factors influencing the choice of destination made by a tourism. Self-congruence strongly is present when the image of a destination is in alignment to the self-image tourist ideals. Congruence functionally takes place when attributes related to performance in a destination helps in meeting the important requirements of holidays regarding the tourists such as relaxing, comforting or conveniently apprehending (Technorati, 2010). Self-congruenc e examination related to tourism research and congruence in functional manner is limited. However influence of functional congruence over choice of destination suggests that decision making over destination is dependant most probably on attributes of tangibles for fulfilling the general requirement of utilitarianism. According to recent studies however such as those performed by Nicoletta et al 2010, p 19, it has been states that push and pull factors are both considered responsible with regard to tourist destination (Social Media, 2011). Motivational mechanisms are also used to state sense of attachment being generated appropriately in the mind of the traveller illustrating that image of destination is a collection not only of subjectivity but also of construction based on social media. From this perspective, the main components of image related to a destination represents the tourism attraction simplified messages. Image therefore can be said to be used for promoting the destination of tourists and the managers of tourism need to acknowledge the visitors visual attributes as perceived from the preference of others involved. With increase in competition levels globally and also the change in motivation of tourists along with the change in their requirements has communicated that an essential rol e is played by social media in forming a positive image of a destination (Um et al, 2010). Only when agencies in tourist business industries provide correct information related to image of a destination, customers are only then able to regard the agency to be beneficial through word of mouth. On the other hand, most image selected for promoting the destination of tourists is based over symbolic stereotypic nature. These images with stereotypical aspect are realities simplified versions. Little information is often provided by them and they also lack accuracy of perfect nature. Tourism sector has gone through significant change with dynamic competition considerably in the industrial environment has led towards several prospects to emerge. However, there is a requirement of elongating the medium of social media as per Beerli et al 2003 in order to enhance the decision making process regarding tourism appropriately. Also, it has to be noted that the process of decision making does not come to an end when the customer has purchase a product or service (Vermeulen et al, 2009). The same is the scenario within tourist industry. Evaluating a product is also an important step that takes place when a customer is gaining experience from his or her consumption and this in turn helps in reinforcing enhanced attitude. An even enhance role is played by post experience within the domain of social media wherein an individuals satisfaction the reviews positivity can help in enhancing the purchase decision of a customer. Whenever it is believed that the cycle has ended for a potential customers, a cycle again actually starts for another traveller in the future (Wang et al, 2012). The dissatisfaction implication is generally aroused when external factors such as negative feelings are impacting over the decision of a vacationer and these external factors can also be inclusive of variables of supply such as accommodating, transporting and food been seen as a product of factors present internally such as inclusive of behaviour, desires and rewards of intrinsic nature. Tourist satisfaction is also referred by other authors as the product of tourist experience interaction and hence social media bridged the gap between tourists and their destination especially in the decision making process of the traveller. (3) Conclusion This literature review has contributed to present academic literature on the application and influence of social media in tourists decision making process. On the contrary, most of the current studies have focused on specific travel planning process stages with an attempt to enhance the social media impact comprehensive picture on the whole across the process of planning in the travel industry. In connection to the study performed by Cox et al 2009, it has been described that using social media influencing the trip planned by tourists and henceforth it makes attempts to illustrate the real behaviour at travel (Yoo et al, 2007). The literature review also has helped in showing that social media is used at every holiday planning stage with different purposes for all tourists. Finally, it becomes appropriate to state that study findings in the literature review when compared amongst each other have depicted an empirical contribution of each in the field of tourism industry especially wh en acknowledging the influence of social media on the decision making process of the customers. This literature review findings has suggested that searches related to travel done using the medium of social media have an equal impact throughout the planning process of tourists across the travel industry. The influence of social media is not only grave but it also is in-depth, in turn helping in understanding the changing customer demands that is beneficial for tourist agencies across the industry (White, 2010). Brand image enhancement and customer satisfaction being delivered are also two products of using social media tools resulting in benefiting the businesses in the tourism sector. References Buhalis, D. and Law, R. (2008). Progress in Information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet- The state of e-Tourism research. Tourism Management, 29 (4), pp 609-623 Beerli, A. Josefa D. (2003). "Tourists characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: a quantitative analysis." Tourism Management (Elsevier Ltd.) Boyd, D. M. Ellison, N. B. (2007): Social Network Sites: Definition, History Chung, Y. and Buhalis, D. (2008). Information needs in online social networks. Information Technology and Tourism. 10(4). Pp 267-281 Constantinides, E. (2009). Social Media /Web 2.0 as marketing parameter: An introduction paper presented at the International Marketing Trends Conference. Retrieved from Cox, C. Burgess, S. and Buultjens, J. (2009). The role of user generated content in tourists travel planning behaviour. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(8), pp 743-764 Decrop, A. (1996). Vacaton Decision Making. Cambridge, MA, CABI. De Valck, K. Van Brugges, G. and Wierenga, B. (2009). Virtual communities: a marketing perspective. Decision support systems, 47(3), pp 185-203 Decrop, A. (2006). Vacation decision making, Wallingford, UK:CABI Publishing Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., Rossides N. (2012): Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process, Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2012, pp. 13-24. Gretzel U. and Yoo, K. H. (2008). Use and Impact of Online Travel Reviews, Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism. Volume 2(2). pp. 35-46. Hanlan, J, Fuller, D Wilde, SJ. (2005). Destination decision making and consumer demands: identifying critical factors ', Center for Enterprise Development and Research Occasional paper, no. 2, Centre for Regional Tourism Research, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW. Martin, D. Ercan, S. and Wonae, C. (2013). "International tourism behaviour in turbulent times: Introduction to the special issue". Journal of Business Research, Vol 66 (6). Pp 689-691. Nicoletta, R. Rocco, S. (2012). "Tourists' opinions and their selection of tourism destination images: An affective and motivational evaluation." Tourism Management Perspectives. Vol 4. Pp 19-27. Nusair, K. Mehmet, E. Fevzi, O. and Anil, B. (2012). "Users' Attitude Towards Online Social Network in Travel." In Social Media in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality, by Marianna Sigala, Evangelos Christou and Ulrike Gretzel, pp 207-221. Ashgate Parra-Lopez, E. Desiderio, G.-T. Ricardo, J. and Jacques, B. (2012). "Travellers 2.0: Motivation, Opportunity and Ability to Use Social Media." In Social Media in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality, by Sigala, M. Christou, E. and Gretzel, U. pp 171-185. Payne Jown, W. Bettman, J. R. and Johnson, E. J. (2013). The Adaptive Decision Maker. Cambridge University Press, New York. Shao, J. Mary, A. and Ulrike, G. (2012). "Riding the Social Media Wave: Strategies of DMO's Who Successfully Engage in Social Media Marketing." Pp 87-97. Ashgate Marianna, S. et. al. (2012). Social Media in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. Theory, Practice and Cases. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Surrey Social media. (2011). In Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved from Technorati. (2010). State of the Blogsphere 2010. Retrieved from http;//Technorati.com/blogging/article/state of the blogosphere-2010-introduction/ Um, S. and Crompton, J. (2010). Tried and Tested: The impact of online hotel reviews on customer consideration, Tourism Management, 30 (1). Pp 123-127 Vermeulen, I. and Seegers, D. (2009). Tried and tested: The impact of online hotel reviews on customer consideration. Tourism Management, 30(1). Pp 123-127 Wang, Y. Yu, Q. and Fesenmaier, D. (2012). Defining the virtual tourist community: implications for tourism marketing. Tourism management. 23(4). Pp 407-417 White, L. (2010). Facebook, Friends and Photos: A snapshot into social networking for generating travel ideas. In Sharda. N. (Ed.), Tourism Informatics: Visual Travel Recommender Systems, Social Communities and User Interface Design, pp 115-129. Hershey. PA: IGI Global Yoo, K. H. Purifoy, M. (2007). Online Travel Review Study: Role and Impact of Online Travel Reviews. Laboratory for Intelligent Systems in Tourism, Texas, A. and M University URL: www.tripadvisor.com/pdfs/Online Travel ReviewReport.pdf

Women As Second-Class Citizens an Example by

Women As Second-Class Citizens History has been the primary witness to gender equality. Even long before, earlier than the times when other more powerful countries colonized nations, men have been more dominant than women. I have observed that in my high school history class, even the primitive people who lived in caves and hunted for food has regarded men as mightier than the females of their tribe. Maybe it is not fully grasped in their indistinct language, but their behaviors show it all. Men wander in uncharted forests to hunt for food. Women stay together to look after the children. This trend is still quite being followed today, as many call it a tradition for women to stay at home and nurse the children. Need essay sample on "Women As Second-Class Citizens" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This situation considers women as minority groups. More ruthlessly, women are being referred to as second-class citizens in many countries. They are considered inferior and weaker than men. Women are not given heavier roles in society. Women are constantly conditioned to believe that they do not have a right to an opinion, to be politically active, to speak out (OCarroll, 1992). Nowadays though, there are many liberal womens group who continually fight for equal rights with men. Some corporate institutions hire only male employees for certain positions, with the principle that men do better jobs. This alone may be a simple testimony that women are being judged based on gender, not on capabilities. According to a report by the Womens Foundation of Minnesota, women are conspicuously lacking from elected office. In fact, no woman of color has ever held statewide elective office or represented Minnesota in Congress (cited in Westhoff). Here, it is not just gender that represents the caus e of unfair criticism but skin color as well. UNICEF provides alarming facts about violence and discrimination against women. It said that roughly 60 million women are missing today because of gender discrimination, predominantly in South and West Asia, China and North America. In the United States woman is physically abused by her intimate partner every nine seconds. Throwing acid to disfigure a womans face is so common in Bangladesh that it warrants its own section of the penal code. More than 1 million children, overwhelmingly female, are forced into prostitution every year, the majority in Asia (Bunch). Bosnian women are underrepresented in government institutions and state companies. The women in Bosnia who were left with disabilities by the war face double-discrimination (Savage). A woman in Russia has a chance to be almost anything, except a woman (cited in Barson, 1992). All of these statistics imply that more and more women are violated, considered sex slaves, and more because men may have presumptions that women are we ak, incapable, and are like their properties to be used. Plus, we may never know but there may be so many unreported cases anywhere about violence against women. Actually, women nowadays are considered luckier than those who lived years before. At some point, there are also many societies who give high regard to women, as respectable and dignified people equal to men in intellect and capabilities. Nonetheless, it is still quite apparent and undeniable that a substantial portion of society manifests the treatment of women as only secondary to men. I personally believe that men and women must not be treated differently or with biases, in a sense that they are both created by God in His image and likeness. They are both capable of doing great and admirable things. People must not pass judgment on others because of gender. Yes, some females may commit mistakes in their lives naturally they are human beings, just like men. But this is not a ground for considering women as substandard. There have been many instances that they have proven their worth and competence. Therefore, there is not enough reason; rather, there is no reason at all to put wome n under oppression just because of their gender. Men, and women likewise, must be treated and given respect equally just like any other human being would want to be appreciated. References Barson, M. (1992). Better Red Than Dead: A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years of Russia Phobia, Red-baiting, and Other Commie Madness. New York: Hyperion. Bunch, C. The Intolerable Status Quo: Violence Against Women and Girls. Women Commentary. OCarroll, A. Sex, Class and the Queen of England. Workers Solidarity, 36. 1992. Savage, B. (2006, May 23). Global Rights. Wetshoff, K. (2005, March 23). Second Class Citizens: Minnesotas Women of Color Are Being Left Behind. Womens Press.

How to Pick Your College Classes

How to Pick Your College Classes The main reason youre in school is to earn your degree. Picking good courses at the right time and in the right order is, therefore, critical to your success. Talk to Your Advisor No matter how big or small your school is, you should have an adviser who helps make sure you are on track to earning your degree. Check in with them, no matter how sure you are about your choices. Not only does your adviser most likely need to sign off on your selections, but he or she can also help alert you to things you may not even have considered. Make Sure Your Schedule Has Balance Dont set yourself up for failure by thinking you can handle more courses than you usually take, all with labs and heavy workloads. Make sure your schedule has some balance: varying levels of difficulty, varying subject matters (when possible) so you arent using one part of your brain 24 hours a day, varying due dates for major projects and exams. Each course may be fine in and of itself, but when combined to create a killer schedule, they all may turn out to be a big mistake. Think About Your Learning Style Do you learn better in the morning? In the afternoon? Do you learn better in a huge classroom, or in a smaller section setting? See what options you can find within a department our course section and pick something that matches best with your learning style. Aim to Pick Strong Professors Do you know you absolutely love a certain professor in your department? If so, see if you can take a course with him or her this semester, or if it would be wiser to wait until a later time. If youve found a professor with whom you intellectually click, taking another class from him or her can help you get to know him or her better and possibly lead to other things, like research opportunities and letters of recommendation. If youre unfamiliar with professors on campus but know that you learn best from a professor who engages a class (instead of one who only lectures), ask around and check online to see what experience other students have had with various professors and their teaching styles. Consider Your Work Schedule and Other Commitments Do you know that you absolutely must have an on-campus job? Do you need an internship for your major? If so, will it require you to work days? Consider taking a class or two that meets in the evenings. Do you know you work best when you can plop yourself down in the library for eight hours straight? Try to avoid taking classes on Friday so that you can use it as a work day. Planning around your known commitments can help reduce your stress level once the semester is moving ahead at full-steam.

Understanding the Difference Between Lend and Loan

Understanding the Difference Between Lend and Loan In formal usage (especially in British English), lend is a verb and loan is a noun. In informal  American English, the use of loan as a verb is generally considered acceptable (particularly when it concerns the lending of money). See the usage notes below. Only lend has figurative uses, as in Lend me your ears or Lend me a hand.Also see:Commonly Confused Words: Loan and Lone Examples: Borrow trouble for yourself, if thats your nature, but dont lend it to your neighbors. (Rudyard Kipling)A bank, so the old saying goes, is a place where you can always get a loan- when you dont need one. Usage Notes Although most expert users of English dislike loan as a verb (I loaned him my pen), except in financial contexts, it must be acknowledged that the usage is sanctioned by dictionaries. If you are not offended by Friends, Romans, countrymen, loan me your ears or by Distance loans enchantment, you may go along with the dictionaries and you will always have a defense.(Theodore M. Bernstein, Miss Thistlebottoms Hobgoblins, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971)Some people are bothered by the word loan as a verb, preferring to use lend in its place. Theres not much reason for the anxiety- loan has been a verb since around the year 1200, and I think an 800-year probation is long enough for anyone- but its now little used in America. My advice: dont be bothered by loan as a verb but, if you want to avoid irritating those who have this hangup, its never wrong to use lend.(Jack Lynch, The English Language: A Users Guide, Focus, 2008)The verb loan is well established in American usage and cannot be c onsidered incorrect. The frequent objections to the form by American grammarians may have originated from a provincial deference to British critics, who long ago labeled the usage a typical Americanism. Loan is, however, used to describe only physical transactions, as of money or goods; for figurative transactions, lend is correct: Distance lends enchantment. The allusions lend the work a classical tone.(The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2000) These are sometimes interchangeable, sometimes not. Only lend carries the figurative senses of adding or giving, as in lend strength to the cause or lend color to an otherwise routine event. But for other senses, as when property or money pass temporarily from one owner to another, either word could be used. . . . In American and Australian English, the verb loan is readily used as an alternative to lend in such applicationsbut not so much in contemporary British English. The word was used in Britain up to C17, but a curious resistance seems to have developed there during C18 and C19, when the Oxford Dictionary (1989) citations are all from the US, and the word somehow acquired provincial associations. Fowler (1926) noted that it had been expelled from southern British English, but that it was still used locally in the UK. Yet Gowers writing after World War II found it returning to British government writing (1948, 1954) and weighs in against it in his 1965 edition of Fowler as a nee dless variant (1965). This seems to be the basis on which British usage commentators argue that loan must be used only as a noun (except in banking and finance) and lend as a verb. Some British dictionaries (Collins, 1991) and the Canadian Oxford (1998) still echo the inhibition, while data from the BNC [British National Corpus] shows that many British writers are comfortable with it. (Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, Cambridge University Press, 2004) Practice   (a) Never _____ your car to anyone to whom you have given birth.(Erma Bombeck)(b) Gus asked Merdine for a _____. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Never  lend  your car to anyone to whom you have given birth. (Erma Bombeck)(b) Gus asked  Merdine  for a  loan.

Plea Bargaining Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plea Bargaining Assignment - Essay Example Arreola declined to do either of the two options given to him explaining the Pomona police officers gave a false accusation. He was charged with resisting arrest, assaulting Hamilton as well as interfering with Pomona officers’ work by the Los Angeles County district attorneys office. During his trial, the jury acquainted Arreola after establishing that he was not guilty. He was awarded $260,000 in damages and the LAPD offered to reinstate him. Arreola’s case fits charge bargaining, where the prosecutors trade off serious offenses with lower crimes for a plea. Arreola was given the option to plead guilty for a lesser offense, but decline the plea. According to Rubin, â€Å"Arreola refused to consider a guilty plea in exchange for a lenient sentence† (Para 10). In the, case, Arreola emerged the beneficiary because he was acquainted and awarded $260,000 after he was found not guilty of the offense by the jury. Moreover, he never pleaded guilty for a lesser charge as was initially decided by the Los Angeles County district attorneys office. Rubin, Joel. â€Å"LAPD officer awarded $260,000 over arrest by Pomona police.† Los Angels Time January 24, 2014:A4. Accessed April 18, 2014

Extra Credit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extra Credit Assignment - Essay Example That means I have to work with an understaffed team. Also half of the staff does not have relevant job experience. Finally the remaining half of the employees has done the work in a given style for as long as 15 years; adapting to new changes may be a problem. The steps I would take during the first 90 days as manager to address these challenges First I will get the employees to agree that there is need for change. I will gather the employees to evaluate their situation, identify what the problem is and set up procedures to correct the situation. Suggested changes will be announced then implemented through my close supervision. I will make sure I don’t impose the change but rather let the employees to manage the process themselves. To do this I will organize a workshop to help gain common understanding, to chart the way forward by coming up with plans, aims, commitments and actions. I will seek through this event to inspire the staff to make relevant and real objectives. I wil l guide them to make objectives that are easy to attain. Long term objectives shall be divided and be accomplished in stages. I will come up with a guiding team which will comprise of carefully selected supervisors for departments based on their track records.   The team shall compose enough key players such that those who are left do not block any suggested plan of action. They shall be people who command respect because pronouncements of such people are taken seriously. They shall be people with proven leadership capability. These people shall need to have high level of commitment and competence. One of their immediate work shall be to build teams within the areas of their supervision. They shall take advantage of the fact that every human being has a nature of joining a group. The teams they create will have to beware that they are teams that are born to compliment the efforts of each other and not competitors. If they try to compete then we shall have a â€Å"win lose† situation whereby one group can try to outdo the other using methods that make your opponent to go down so that you appear on top. It shall be the work of these team leaders to encourage informal relation among the team members in order to create a good working atmosphere and raise their morale. Each team shall handle related activities hence one plan of action shall be developed for them. This will ensure unity, focused efforts and coordinated strength. The changes to be effected must take into consideration that the time in which to realize the change is short, hence actions that will impact on short term performance will be much welcome. In our discussions, all staff shall need to identify priorities so that each one majors on the major and minors on the minor. This will eliminate incidences where an employee is fully preoccupied by a task that is less important leaving undone the most important. There is all possibility that this can happen because this centre suffers from under staffing.   Ã‚  Ã‚   To ensure smooth operations, I will make sure there is proper discipline by among other things ensuring that those who are appointed to any position of authority are properly disciplined. The juniors shall need to observe rules and regulations that they help develop. Incentives will be used to promote discipline. While identified obstacles shall be removed, achievements as well as progress shall be rewarded. I will work at avoiding constant criticisms because this way they won’

Effects of Federal Mandates on Intergovernmental Relations Essay Example for Free

Effects of Federal Mandates on Intergovernmental Relations Essay Public Policy making is a central task of the Government. There has been concerns regarding the influence federal mandate on intergovernmental relations. In order to understand and evaluate these influences we will discuss the influence of the intergovernmental lobby over the Medicaid program. We will also analyze the importance of interest alignment between the federal and states Governments and auditing transparency in order to ensure smooth working of these public programs. Medicaid is the health insurance program that is administered by the states and funded jointly by federal and state governments (Weissert 1992). The Medicaid has an important place in the history of medical treatment in the U. S. An organisation noble in conception has two dimensions to put up with. The dual dimension challenges are to cope up with the changing needs of patients with ever increasing costs due to advances in medical knowledge, medicines and technology. From the other side the pressure is to find solutions in the restricted budget and to handle the changing political pressures. From its beginning the Medicaid gone through many reforms. Researchers have identified few challenges facing Medicaid in order to cater the needs of the patients. They are keeping it clear to engage service users in decisions or engaging the wider public. Secondly to develop a link between the public and the health system. Third, Quick solutions through open discussions. The fourth is to take a long run at this. Finally, achieving above goals and much more from the Medicaid by engaging users and patients in the decision making process. The last few decades have seen a major change in the Primary care requirements, increase in the ageing population, widespread of chronic diseases, increase in the patient’s awareness, and greater accountability due to increased exposure (Coote, 2005). This has created a paradigm shift in the requirements of patients. The increasing trend of client centred services has made it important for the Medicaid to find ways to provide rapid and easy to access primary care to the patients. According to the Department of Health change plan the vision of change in Medicaid should be directed towards the needs of the patients rather than the service providers. In order to undertake the change process effectively the professional role of the NHS staff should also be transformed. These steps towards modernisation were indicated: ) Adoption of change by the Medicaid staff. 2) Government’s role in getting rid of barriers in the way to change. 3) The method for education and training should also be restructured. Since the Medicaid program is undertaken with the combine efforts of the federal and state governments it can clearly provide the picture of the influence of states in intergovernmental relations. The administration of the Medicaid program provides the state governments with experience, management abilities and the information of the important aspects of effectiveness of such programs for low-income group. Both the federal and state governments fund the Program. It is often the case that there is vast difference in the goals of both state and federal governments. In order to justify the expenses it is mandatory for the federal government to undertake audit programs (Anton 1997). The process of testifying Medicaid program has always remained controversial as it has been noticed many times that state agency faces lesser criticism while warranting on the Medicaid program. This has remained a moot issue between the state and federal governments as often conflict arises on the same issue between the two government levels. A lack of collective action has been felt between both the federal and state level governments. The situation seems to threaten the federalism. State governments have the expertise to undertake analysis and suggest improvement measures but these expertise are not used to promote intergovernmental relations hence adversely effecting the potential program improvements. Both the state and federal governments at a set rate fund the cost for the Medicaid program. It has been observed that the governments of different states keep on experimenting with different payments mechanisms mostly aimed at reducing their cost through transferring their the cost of the program to the federal treasury (Weissert and Weissert 2006). The states use different funding processes in order to draw down funds from the central government without spending their own funds. One such way is to increase the payment rate for the eligibility of public care providers. This higher payment rate in turn gives rise to the share of the federal government. The state governments get back the portion of the surplus through tax imposition or voluntary contributions. Although many states use this surplus amount in the provision of other public facilities to the people but still there has been doubts regarding the proper and transparent use of these funds. States use two such programs: Under disproportionate share hospital payments (DSH payments) program the state governments provides higher amounts of funds to public hospitals and community health centers which serve people from low income group. Through the Upper payment limits (UPL) states reimburse some of these providers up to the highest Medicaid reimbursement rate (Weissert and Weissert 2006: 267). These programs are implemented to cover the costs of care provision to low-income Medicaid and uninsured patients. The states use intergovernmental transfers (IGTs) to transfer back the funds at the different levels of government. The reliability of these (IGTs) as the evidence of payment recycling is suspicious. Although it is through the federalism the possibilities for acquiring information regarding the policies increases because of the improved chances of experimentation due to decentralization but on the other hand it is also federalism which acts as a constraint to undertake measures according to that information. The higher degree of discord between the federal and state level governments’ results in shape of the wastage of the state potential which can be used for the well being of the nation at federal level. This is what we call the â€Å"failure of federalism,† where the state level expertise are not acknowledge in national policymaking.

Major Themes in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays

Major Themes in Of Mice and Men  Ã‚      The theme of loneliness is manifested many times in the work, Of Mice and Men and is often the dominant theme. This theme occurs during many circumstances but is not present from start to finish. In my mind for a theme to be pervasive is must be present during every element of the story. There are many themes that are present most of the way through such as sacrifice, friendship and comradship. But in my opinion there is only one theme that is present from beginning to end, this theme is pursuit of dreams. There are many characters where lonliness is evident throughout parts or all of their life. But all of these characters who appear to be lonely only tend to play a minor role in the story. This is not to say that they are insignificant but they help to convey the feelings and emotions that surround the major characters rather than their own. Characters like Curley's wife and Crooks are unmistakably lonely, but they show how their lonliness is the opposite of the two main characters, George and Lennie. Crooks actually states that George and Lennie have got each other but he hasn't got anyone. Curley's wife portrays the same message but under different circumstances. There are really no other main characters besides George and Lennie. From reading the novel and watching the film it is clearly evident in most cases that all of the support characters appear to be lonely. Therefore lonliness is quite a strong and influential theme in the story but it only features as a bakground theme and is not always present at critical stages. Themes such as sacrifice, comradship and freindship feature under very similar circumstances as lonliness but are also evident within the main characters. Candy made a sacrifice when he decided to have his ageing debilitated dog killed. But afterwards he regreted not having killed the dog himself, possibly having killed it at all. Just as when George killed Lennie, he knew it had to be done but he just kept making up excuses to avoid the inevitable. George made that sacrifice but unlike Candy he knew that if Lennie was to be killed he had to do it himself. The issue is morals, if there is such a thing as a moraly correct way to kill somebody thats how George did it, because during that time period in America there was not the resources nor facilities to deal with characters such as Lennie so drastic measures had to be taken.

Cooking Is My Hobby Essay

I enjoy cooking because it keeps me happy in my life. Whenever I feel sad or upset, cooking ease that for me in a big way. I started cooking when I was 6, but it was as simple as putting ham and cheese between 2 slices of bread and used my favorite condiment of maynaise and let it heat up for about 30 seconds. When I grew older, my knowledge of food grew to new depths when I learned how to cook American food on the grill when I was 13 and my dad was the sole reason why I got better since he explained to me how to use temperature control. The 1st dish I made on my own without any kind of assistance was Alaskan Cod with Lemon Pepper which I enjoyed very much when it was baked in an oven. Now, in my college years, I evolved into making cursine in many cultures such as tacos from Mexico, crepes from France, peking duck from China, and pizza from Italy using my ingredients I purchased from HEB, Fiesta, or Chinatown in my hometown. Cooking is the only thing in which I know how to do best and I usually cook for my family, relatives, friends, or people whom I do not know. Sometimes, I cook multiple of one thing for homeless people and disturbute them across the city. My least favorite thing to cook is vegetables since I do not like them, but if someone requests them on their plate, I will not be unwilling to cook them. Instead, I would embrace their desires and make it for them. I have invested hours of my time per day to be more knowlegable about different cooking methods from various chefs instead of just one in order to be prepared for different styles of cooking and perferences from guests. My signature dish is pork and leek dumplings with either soy sauce or vinegar or my orange chicken with basil and coconut broth so if you are ever in my area, I will be willing to cook for you.

Maya Angelou-“Still I rise”, Benjamin Zephaniah- “Miss World” and Grace Nichols-“Sugar Cane” Essay

By a close analysis of language, show how the poets convey their cultural heritage and experiences through their poems. This essay will compare the cultural backgrounds and the style of language these three black poets use to describe their experiences. They are: Maya Angelou-â€Å"Still I rise†, Benjamin Zephaniah- â€Å"Miss World† and Grace Nichols-â€Å"Sugar Cane† through their poems. These three poems were written by black poets. They all have a theme of standing up for yourself, fighting for your rights and being strong and overcoming pain and suffering. â€Å"Sugar Cane† is a poem about the life of a sugar cane that is grown and harvested. The poet personifies the sugar cane so the reader can associate more with the sugar cane, and there is a compelling desire for the reader to want to read the poem. â€Å"Miss World† is about a girl who is beautiful inside and does not want to be judged like an object in a show. The poem is written like a rap and so is inviting to younger people. This poem teaches that appearances are not important. â€Å"Still I Rise† is about a woman talking about all the hardships her ancestors had to endure and how she will prevail whatever is thrown at her. This poem is about standing tall and strong and not letting anyone put you down. In â€Å"Sugar Cane†, the poet uses very descriptive language that helps the reader visualise the sugar cane. For example, â€Å"indifferent hard and sheathed in blades†. These blades are the sharp leaves of the sugar cane. This image is of a strong object, capable of defending itself. The blades are a symbol of the black slaves, able to fight back against people, wanting to destroy them. The poet also uses language in a West Indian dialect, â€Å"he isn’t what he seem† and â€Å"he shiver like ague when it rain†. The poet uses personification to help the reader visualise the sugar cane as a thin g that matters, like a person. Later on in the poem, the poet uses, â€Å"he comes to learn the truth about himself, the crimes committed in his name†. This refers to the fact that the slaves were used to farm the sugar cane for â€Å"the white man† and died from over work, exhaustion and starvation. In â€Å"Miss World† the poet also uses words that rhyme if the reader is reading in a West Indian accent, â€Å"best for self-defence† â€Å"cause no grievance†. Ordinarily these would not rhyme, so the reader would know at once by reading this or â€Å"de† (the) or â€Å"day†(they) that this poem is written in a dialect. In â€Å"Still I Rise† the poet always speaks in correct English and shows that she is well educated and is articulate. She uses phrases like â€Å"Leaving behind nights of terror and fear, into a daybreak that’s wondrously clear†. Sugar Cane is grown in many countries where black people live, and so most of them work to harvest t he sugar cane. Sugar Cane grows through life and becomes old, â€Å"His colour is the aura of jaundice when he ripe†. This could mean that the black slaves are unhealthy as a product of mistreatment. After sugar cane is possibly ageing, he then dies when â€Å"the hurricane strike smashing him to pieces† whether it is the hurricane killing him, or the farmers harvesting with machetes, â€Å"either way he can’t survive†. In some countries, sugar cane is the only source of income. The Poet uses the sugar cane as a metaphor for black people trying to be strong and fight back against racism and to show that they are tough on the outside but sweet on the inside like the sugar cane. This is similar to â€Å"Miss World† where the theme of the poem is not to judge people by their looks, † You cannot judge my sister’s heart by looking†¦just by looking†¦just by looking at her breast†. The sister is described as being â€Å"beautiful† because she has a personality and is not superficial like the people who judge others, â€Å"just by looking†. Even though she is beautiful, she would rather fight for her rights then be treated like a slave or an object. In â€Å"Sugar Cane† when black people were slaves, they’re lives were full of suffering and misery; the poet shows this as a metaphor for the sugar cane growing through the earth, â€Å"Slowly painfully sugar cane pushes his knotted joints upwards from the earth slowly painfully he comes to learn the truth about himself, the crimes committed in his name â€Å". Similarly, in â€Å"Miss World† the poet conveys the sister’s hard life by saying that she is beautiful but â€Å"Her legs are firm and sharp best for self-defence†, showing that she has to defend herself. In â€Å"Still I Rise†, the poet describes a painful life, â€Å"out of the huts of history’s shame, I rise, up from a past that’s rooted in pain, I rise† this refers to the extreme pain and suffering this race went through. The poet talks about how she will overcome everything that is thrown at her and she will prevail. â€Å"You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness, but still like air, I’ll rise† The poet mentions power over the sugar cane, suggesting the slavery of the black race, â€Å"it is us who weed him in the earth in the first place† â€Å"we feel the need to strangle the life out of him†. These lines show that the farmers have power over whether sugar cane lives or dies. Similarly, the farmers have power over whether their slaves live or die. In â€Å"Miss World† the poet mentions slavery and that his sister does not want to be viewed like a slave at a slave market and give the judges power over her life, â€Å"day judge your lifetime by a quick interview†. In â€Å"Still I Rise†, the poet suggests that she is powerful, â€Å"welling and swelling I bear in the tide† There are also sexual references such as, in â€Å"Sugar Cane†, â€Å"smoothing stroking caressing al l his length shamelessly†. In â€Å"Miss World†, the poet writes that â€Å"her legs are firm and sharp† â€Å"she won’t walk the platform to upsex people’s lust†. In â€Å"Still I Rise†, the poet adds â€Å"I dance like I’ve got diamonds at the meeting of my thighs†. These sexually descriptive comments imply the stereotype of the black race as being very sexually active. These stereotypes include black men being virile and black people having a natural sense of rhythm. â€Å"Sugar Cane† is written in blank verse but has a very strong rhythm, â€Å"Slowly painfully sugar cane pushes his knotted joints upwards from the earth slowly painfully he comes to learn the truth about himself, the crimes committed in his name â€Å". The stanzas are in columns to look like a field of sugar cane. There is some repetition near the end with â€Å"slowly painfully†. This is probably used to emphasize the suffering of the black people. In â€Å"Miss World† the poem has a regular rhyme scheme. In other places the poem does not rhyme at all so this poem has an inconsistent rhyme scheme. There is an inconsistent stanza length throughout and there is one line that is long and sharp like a knife, which could be two short lines. â€Å"She could be out of sight but she would rather stay and fight†. This is a powerful line that stands out from the rest of the poem. There is some repetition on the last line, â€Å"by looking†¦just by looking†¦just by looking at her breast†. This is here to make the reader remember that it is what is inside that counts overall, not the outside. In â€Å"Still I Rise† each stanza is four lines long with a rhyme scheme where the second and fourth lines rhyme. This is consistent until the last two stanzas, where there is a line then â€Å"I Rise† then another line that rhymes with it, then two lines that rhyme. In the last stanza, it repeats â€Å"I Rise† at the end. This is here so it is a beacon of hope. Conclusion All these poems show the fact that black people suffered at the hands of other human beings and still do, just because the colour of their skin. These poems also show the fact that you do not have to let them take control of you or have power over you. You just have to remember†¦

The Scarlet Letter6 essays

The Scarlet Letter6 essays Multiple meanings and discussion providing insight into the letter The letter A was to be worn as a punishment, to be worn in shame, to be worn as adulteress. This may not have been clearly and directly stated to the reader, but throughout reading the book, you gather possible hidden meanings of Hesters scarlet letter. Although the sense of the meaning adulteress is constant, the metaphoric, emotional, and moralistic meanings of the scarlet letter vary from positive to negative interpretations throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter. The Puritan community was a dark, strict society, feeling indifferent to the humanity of the woman standing before them on the scaffold, with her infant daughter against her chest. The beautifully embroidered letter does not glow in the eyes of the people. The letter shapes the way they look at Hester and the way they treat her. They isolate Hester not only socially but also through her location, which ultimately causes her own emotional isolation. It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and inclosing her in a sphere by herself. (40) However, the peoples attitude does change. It goes through various roller-coasters of positive and negative meanings throughout the course of the novel. The symbolism of the scarlet letter is expanded in Chapter Five, Hester at Her Needle. Whereas at first it represented Hester's adultery and also her needlework skills, it now takes on more meanings. The letter begins to represent the hidden shame of the community. This shame is shown through Hesters reactions around the community, like when she almost covers up the letter with her hand. Preachers will stop in the street and give sermons when they see Hester. The letter therefore becomes an example of crime and acts as a deterrent for others in the community. Throughout the beginning chapters Hester is is...

Ancestry and Family Tree of President Ronald Reagan

Ancestry and Family Tree of President Ronald Reagan A well-loved Hollywood actor, Ronald Reagan appeared in over 50 feature films. In 1966, he was elected as governor of California and, in 1980, he became the 40th president of the United States (1981-1989) Born in 1911 in Tampico, Illinois, Ronald Wilson Reagan was the second son of John (Jack) Reagan and Nelle Wilson. He was the great-grandson, on his fathers side, of Irish immigrants who came to America through Canada in the 1940s. His mother was of Scottish and English ancestry. Learn about his other family members using this family tree, which is presented by generation. First Generation 1. Ronald Wilson REAGAN was born on 6 Feb 1911 in Tampico, Illinois and died on 5 Jun 2004. He is buried on the grounds of the Ronald W. Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, Ventura Co., CA. In 1950, Ronald Reagan married actress Sarah Jane Mayfield (stage name Jane Wyman). They had two girls- Maureen Elizabeth born in 1941 and Christine who died at birth in 1947. In 1945 they adopted a baby boy named Michael. Jane and Ronald divorced in 1948 and, on 4 March 1952 Ronald Reagan married another actress, Nancy Davis (born 6 July 1921). Named Anne Francis Robbins at birth, Nancy took the surname Davis when her stepfather, Dr. Loyal Davis, adopted her in 1935. Nancy and Ronald had two children- Patricia Ann (Patti) in 1952 and Ronald Prescott in 1958. Second Generation (Parents) 2. John Edward (Jack) REAGAN was born on 13 Jul 1883 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL. He died on 18 May 1941 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles Co., CA. 3. Nelle Clyde WILSON was born on 24 Jul 1883 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL. She died on 25 Jul 1962 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles Co., CA. John Edward (Jack) REAGAN and Nelle Clyde WILSON were married on 8 Nov 1904 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL and had the following children: i. John Neil REAGAN was born on 16 Sep 1909 in Tampico, Illinois.1 ii. Ronald Wilson REAGAN Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. John Michael REAGAN1,2 was born on 29 May 1854 in Peckham, Kent, England. He died of tuberculosis on 10 Mar 1889 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL. 5. Jennie CUSICK1 was born about 1854 in Dixon, Lee Co., IL. She died of tuberculosis on 19 Nov 1886 in Whiteside Co., IL. John Michael REAGAN and Jennie CUSICK were married on 27 Feb 1878 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL3 and had the following children: i. Catherine (Katy) REAGAN1 was born in Jul 1879 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL.1ii. William REAGAN was born on 10 Jan 1881 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL. He died on 19 Sep 1925 in Dixon, Lee Co., IL.2 iii. John Edward (Jack) REAGANiv. Anna REAGAN was born on 14 May 1885 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL. 6. Thomas WILSON4,5 was born on 28 Apr 1844 in Clyde, Whiteside Co., IL. He died on 12 Dec 1909 in Whiteside Co., IL. 7. Mary Ann ELSEY4,5 was born on 28 Dec 1843 in Epson, Surrey, England. She died on 6 Oct 1900 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL. Thomas WILSON and Mary Ann ELSEY were married on 25 Jan 1866 in Morrison, Whiteside Co., IL and had the following children: i. Emily WILSON4,5 was born on 12 Nov 1867 in Clyde, Whiteside Co., Illinois.ii. John WILSON4,5 was born on 9 Oct 1869 in Clyde, Whiteside Co., Illinois. He died on 21 Jun 1942 in Clinton, Iowa.iii. Jennie WILSON5 was born on 16 Jun 1872 in Illinois. She died on 8 Mar 1920.iv. Alexander Thomas WILSON5 was born on 30 Mar 1874 in Illinois. He died on 26 Apr 1962.v. George O. WILSON5 was born on 2 Mar 1876 in Illinois. He died on 3 Apr 1951 in Clinton, Iowa.vi. Mary Lavinia WILSON5 was born on 6 Apr 1879 in Illinois. She died on 6 Sep 1951 in Fulton, Whiteside Co., IL.3 vii. Nelle Clyde WILSON

How were native (first nation) societies in America affected by the Essay

How were native (first nation) societies in America affected by the introduction of the horse - Essay Example Native Americans always adjusted according to postulating and diverse environments and they also remolded the natural environments to fulfill with their needs. After the arrival of Europeans, many different societies emerged having different languages, ethnical conventions, and history. Europeans had an extremely devastating impact on the New World environment as they cleared vast piece of ground of woodlands and unwittingly introduced a huge variety of Old World weeds. They introduced domesticated animals who transubstantiated the ecology for grazing animals which consumed many indigenous plants to survive.2 Despite all the certain differences, Native Americans also benefitted by the European contact which eternally changed the livings and cultures of the Native Americans. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the profound impact of introduction of horse on Native American societies. Former horse species were eradicated by climatic alterations and disappeared entirely from Nor th America. For the first time around 3000 years ago, horses were domesticated in European regions and used for conveyance of both humans and freight.3 The horse had been extinct in the America for 10,000 years before European colonists arrived and it was reintroduced when the Spaniards, inhabitants of Spain, brought their higher-up breed of Arab horses to North America in the 1600s, transforming the culture of the Native Americans nearly infinitely.4 Impact of Horse Introduction on Native Americans Culture The horse held particular attraction and brought the best acknowledged and most spectacular change.5 Clark Wissler (1927, p. 154 cited in Ewers 2001) has called the time period from 1540 to 1880 in the history of the Native Americans "the horse culture period." The arrival of horses produced a cultural revolution among Native Americans and radically remolded the livings of the Americans by transmutation of transportation, hunting and warfare. Some groups called horses as elk dogs , because initially Native Americans did not know the use of these huge animals.6 Before the early 1700s the Native Americans depended on human beings or dogs for transporting their loads. Some famous groups of Native Americans such as Sioux, Kiowa and Cheyenne shortly determined that the horse could become crucial element of their lives, and its usage diffused to other tribes. Horses were being traded and sometimes allowed to wander away and even got stolen from a tribe. They were used to pull heavy loads, faster and farther than a human or a dog, through merely bounded poles made from young trees which were primitively designed for dogs and easily adapted to horses subsequently.7 Many Natives exchanged their goods for the horses which helped them get released from the particular area of the Plains and agricultural environment of their villages. Horses altered Native’s culture and way of life to become nomadic and mounted hunters as with horses, people can carry heavy loads, travel across long distances and hunt for their food and other needs. They searched for game particularly for hunting the thundery, roaming herds of bison.8 The vast herds of bison, which departed seasonally big distances from place to place, could move much faster than a man on foot and there was small cover on the vast plains for hunters to hide themselves for stalking which made it exceedingly hard for them to hunt. Only adept hunters managed to

Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Task 2 - Essay Example Decision making is often seen as the central job of the managers who decides what is to be done, who has to do it, where, when and how it is to be done. Decision making is regarded to the first step in the planning even when it is done quickly by taking a little time to decide and also influences an action just for a minute (Koontz and Weihrich, 2006). There are various theories related to philosophical, mathematical and economic sources. This study highlights on the various theories of decision making. The Classical Model The classical decision theory is straightforward. It assumes that there is only one best solution to the problem; the decision maker needs to identify it, select it and then finally implement it. According the following sequential steps has been designed. Step 1: Identification of the problem The actual and the desired outcome should be determined and then any type of disparity existing between the two should be identified. Step 2: Diagnose the problem The informat ion should be collected and should be analysed properly in order to gain a clear explanation of the nature of the problem. Step 3: Define the alternatives After understanding the nature of the problem the potential options to the solution of the problems must be developed. Step 4: Examine the consequences The probable consequences of all the potential alternatives should be examined rigorously. Step 5: Make the decision The best amongst the potential alternatives must be chosen. While choosing the best alternative one should see that the objective and the goals are maximised. Step 6: Do it The decision must be implemented. The classical model leads to the optimization of strategy. This approach stands on the classical economic theory that is based on the assumptions of apparent goal, full information and cognitive ability to deeply analyse the problem. However practical problems exists that follows this perspective. Decision makers are human beings who have emotions, feelings and a variety of interests. Compromise and diversity are the stuffs that are their everyday requirement. One objective may be favoured over the other but no one allows one single goal that is an unrealistic one dimensionality to dominate in the working life (Hoy and Miskel, 1991). The notion that the organizational goals are simple and clear is oversimplification. Goals of the organization are often conflicting and complex. The problem of improbability is essential for the organization. Dealing with the problem of improbability has now become a common agenda in the organization share (Mintzberg, 1983). However there is no such common criterion for dealing with the improbability in the decision making (Thompson, 1967). It is virtually not possible to select the best alternative when the consequences are not known. Improbability makes optimizing an impractical choice. The unnecessary demand for human cognition that cannot be met is another problem with the optimizing strategy. Neither any o rganization nor any person is capable and smart such that they can conduct maximum utilization of anything. Even the modern computers are incapable to achieve this feat. For instance the computers are incapable of handling the huge quantity of information that is required to choose the simplified move in the game of chess (Feldman and Kanter, 1965; Hoy and Miskel, 19

My topic about overweight and obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My topic about overweight and obesity - Essay Example As compared to 1980s, the rate of obesity has doubled in Australia and now Australians are equal to Americans in the case of overweight and obesity. Long time television watching is said to be the major cause of the increased obesity rate in Australia. Many researchers describe obesity as an epidemic in Australia. According to an Amen Clinic research report â€Å"as one’s weight goes up the function of one’s prefrontal goes down† (GATS Program, 2011). In 2007, WHO surveys on overweight and obesity have found that Australia possesses 21st rank in the world. Indigenous populations are the most affected groups by obesity in Australia. It is alarming that obesity rates among Australian children have rapidly risen during the last two decades. Medical science has proved that obesity and related health features may lead to ranges of severe diseases. Therefore, as Gard (2011, p. 64) opines, this uncontrollable increase of obese persons in Australian badly affects Austral ian healthcare as well as the entire economy. Statistics It is necessary to analyse the both Australian and international statistical data regarding obesity so as to explore the level of difference and thereby potential reasons. Australian as well as international obesity statistics are described below. Australian statistics This diagram indicates the prevalence of overweight in Anglosphere and is based on the data published by World Health Organization in 2007. From the graph, it is obvious that overweight prevalence of Australia ranks 3rd in Anglosphere. We know that United Kingdom is approximately three times bigger than Australia; however, the overweight rate of UK is 63.8% whereas it is 67.4% in the case of Australia. The obesity rate of Australia is much more than that of international obesity rate and this condition reflects the dreadfulness of overweight and obesity in Australia. A study conducted by Janus, Laatikainen, Dunbar, Kilkkinen, Bunker, Philpot, Tideman, Trimacco, and Heistaro (2007) reflects that â€Å"the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity combined was 74.1% in men and 64.1% in women† (Janus et al, 2007,p. 147). Although, obesity is comparatively less prevalent in Australian young women, it is observed that they show a rapid rise in their body mass index. At the same time, According to Gard (2011, p. 64), a higher rate of obesity is observed among women of 35 -44 age group; and Australia spends an average of $13 billion per year in order to tackle the severe issues of obesity and related diseases. WHO also adds that nearly a million Australian people now have type 2 diabetes and a major portion of which can be surely attributed to the aftereffects of obesity. International statistics According to world health organization, ‘there are more than 1 billion overweight adults’ globally including 300 million obese (WHO). Since this disorder is not caused by a specific reason, it is very difficult to control this dise ase by medical treatment. Jones’ (n.d) report on obesity reflects that 1.5 billion adults under the ages 20 and above were overweight in 2008; among these certified overweight figures, 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese. This international statistical data indicate that women are the most affected group of obesity while the Australian obesity statistics

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Nursing Essay

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Nursing Essay This assignment aims to critically appraise an ethical conflict in relation to the care provided to a patient. It will explore how ethical decisions are reached and how they can directly influence patient care. To achieve this aim the author will examine a case study of a patient whose care he was involved with whilst in placement. We will look at how, after an episode of self-harm, the patient refused any medical treatment for the wound and how this posed an ethical dilemma for the nursing staff involved in their care. Using the application of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) (Great Britain (GB) 2005) and an established model for ethical decision making, we will look at how the decision of whether or not to enforce treatment for the wound was formulated and actioned. Ethics can be seen as the study of human conduct and morality (Buka 2008). It is about people reasoning, thinking and applying a process of reflection (Adshead 2010); however these people may have opposing views, values and experiences on which to base their moral judgements to define what is the right and wrong course of action (Hendrick 2009) and the principles used to decide this, not only by the individual but also within social groups and societies. (Adshead 2010). From this we can surmise that ethics is a complex system of reflective thinking, which is used in the search for a standard that can be used to judge your own actions, or the actions of others, within your own moral code. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) stipulates that nurses must respect a patients right to confidentiality at all times and ensure that the patient is informed about how information concerning them is shared. In accordance with this the name of the patient has been changed and permission has been sought from the patient to use them in the case study (Appendix 1). Case Study. Anitas story. Anita is a young woman with a primary diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder borderline type as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2010). During a one-to-one therapeutic session Anita disclosed that she was having strong urges to self-harm. As such the therapeutic session concentrated on exploring her feelings surrounding her impulses, alternative coping mechanisms to manage her thoughts of self-harm and strategies to help maintain her safety upon the ward. As she felt that the pressure of being constantly watched would unsettle her further, thus not allowing her to manage her own feelings it was initially agreed to place Anita on intermittent observation as opposed to constant within the policy on self harm produced by the service that was caring for her (Oxford Health DATE). This approach was agreed in collaboration with Anita and the wider team as a way of her taking responsibility for her own decisions. Later in the shift Anita approached staff and stated that she had overwhelming urges to self-harm and that she had acted upon them. She was taken to the clinic room where the wound could be cleaned and assessed. Anita presented with a laceration to the inside of her thigh which was deep enough to expose the adipose tissue beneath, however was not deemed by the medical staff to be life threatening. Staff explained to Anita that the wound was deep enough to require stitching although not life threatening and advised her that she would need to attend the minor injuries unit of the local general hospital for assessment of the wound. At this time Anita, due to her mental state, could not fully appreciate the nature of the wound and felt that she needed to punish herself further by refusing treatment. The nurses on duty cleaned and bandaged the wound and allowed Anita time to consider the implications of her decision further. When Anita had calmed the nurse had a discussion surrounding the implications of not having the wound sutured such as infection, Anitas possible need to attack the wound in the future and pain relief issues, However Anita maintained her decision not to have the wound sutured. Following a wider team discussion around whether Anita understood the severity of the wound, thus having capacity to make a decision to refuse treatment, the Responsible Clinician (RC) spoke to Anita and attempted to persuade her to have the wound sutured. As Anita was still refusing to have the wound sutured the RC decided that an assessment would need to be carried out to ascertain whether Anita had the capacity to decide to refuse treatment. Upon completion of the assessment it was decided that Anita did have capacity to make decisions surrounding treatment at that time, within the framework of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005). This decision was reached due to Anita being able to understand the information being given to her, being able to retain the information and weigh it up to make a decision to refuse treatment. Although this appeared to be an unwise decision, which felt uncomfortable to the team, it was agreed to monitor the wound, keep it clean and dry and continue to talk to Anita about her thoughts and feelings surrounding getting medical treatment for the wound. This collaborative approach allowed Anita opportunities to explore her emotions, thoughts and feelings and promote her autonomy whilst still allowing her to decide to have the wound sutured should she change her mind. The main legal and ethical dilemmas that can be extracted from this case study are whether the Anitas capacity to make decisions about her treatment should be overridden by use of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) and whether Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. The Legal Dilemma. Mental Capacity. What legal Dilemma can be hypothesised as underpinning the decision making process of the mental health professionals in this case? Anita initially made her decision to refuse treatment shortly after self-harming. Self-harm has been strongly associated with borderline personality disorder (Motz 2008) where thoughts of self-loathing and self-punishment are common precipitators; the act of self harm can be seen as a symptom of internal turmoil, an expression of internal pain or as controlling factor to maintain a level of care (Grocutt 2009). This may indicate that Anita was under a great deal of distress at the time, which could have affected her capacity to make sound decisions; however her later decision of continuing to refuse treatment was based on her own morals and values towards her body that may have included these thoughts of self-loathing and the need to be punished. Although a person, under part four Mental Health Act (GB 2007) can be treated for mental disorder without the ir consent, it is important to note that a physical problem can only be treated without consent should the person lacks capacity and treatment is deemed to be in their best interests under the auspice of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2007, MIND 2009). To help determine whether Anita has capacity, The Mental Capacity Act (2005) sets out a two stage functional approach. Firstly the practitioner needs to ascertain whether the person being assessed has some sort of disturbance of the mind and, if such a disturbance exists then it must affect their ability to make decisions when they need to (Department of Constitutional Affairs (DoCA) 2007:45). If this is not the case then the person cannot be seen as lacking capacity under the Act (GB 2005, DoCA 2007). In considering whether Anita needed to make the decision around treatment, we can see that, as the wound was not life threatening, it was decided to allow her time to settle and re-approach the question of treatment. The Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) is clear in expressing that capacity is time and decision specific. In deciding that the decision could be made at a later time not only complies with the Act but also promotes Anitas autonomy. As the wound could be safely managed in the s hort term upon the ward the decision to allow Anita time to weigh up the information was the correct one to make. Conflicting ethical principles and dilemmas Lakeman (2009) points out that an ethical dilemma occurs when there are a multitude of alternative courses of action to deal with a particular situation. Conflicting moral principles may create difficult ethical dilemmas for nurses by having to contravene one moral obligation to uphold another (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. However this may not feel entirely comfortable for the nurse. In mental health nursing, autonomy is sometimes overridden in the interests of promoting the principle of beneficence (Lakeman 2009). Which can make the nurses ethical dilemma difficult to manage due to balancing the two valid ethical principles of autonomy (respecting and supporting decisions making) and beneficence (relieving or minimising harm in the best interest of the patient) (Hendrick 2004, Beauchamp Childress 2009). To answer the question we need to examine how the dilemma sits within an ethical theory and the principles that apply. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) devised four basic moral principles which function as guidelines for professional ethical decision making. The principles of autonomy (freedom to act on your own belief), Nonmaleficence (obligation to avoid doing harm), Beneficence (providing benefits and help) and Justice (fair distribution of benefits, risk and cost) which are derived from a duty based theory of Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Principle 1 Autonomy. Respect for autonomy flows from the recognition that all persons have unconditional worth, each having the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is to treat that person merely as a means: that is, in accordance with others goals without regard to the persons own goals. Beauchamp Childress (2009: 103) after Kant Autonomy is the freedom and ability to act in a self determined manner (Butts Rich 2008: 42) and the right of a rational person to achieve personal decisions without any outside interference. Therefore the principle of respecting autonomy concerns the nurses acknowledgement of, and obligation in respecting, Anitas decision over her own life. It may be that Anita is already feeling a loss of autonomy or disempowerment by the very nature of being a patient upon a secure ward and being under the Mental Health Act (GB 2007) and the restriction of her basic autonomous decisions such as when to eat, sleep or who she resides with. Therefore it may need to be considered whether Anitas is refusal of treatment is something that she feels in control of, thus a way in which she feels empowered. Principle 2 Beneficence. Morality requires not only that we treat persons autonomously and refrain from harming them, but also that we contribute to their welfareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[is therefore]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. These beneficial actions fall under the heading of beneficence. Beauchamp and Childress (2009: 197) Beneficence can be seen as actions to benefit and promote the welfare of others (Butts Rich 2008). All actions that are performed by nurses can be regarded as having a moral dimension, most of which are for the benefit of the patient (Edwards 2009). The NMC Code of Professional Conduct is clear in stating that nurses have an obligation to both protect and promote the health and wellbeing of patients as their primary consideration (NMC 2008:2) and this is no different for mental health nurses working with patients who self-harm. This statement clearly incorporates the principle of beneficence and shows that the nurses in the case study are considering whether Anita should have medical treatment for the wound enforced upon her due to the principle of beneficence as described due to the worries of the wound becoming infected if not sutured. The dilemma. When nurses experience the ethical dilemma of having to enforce treatment irrespective of a patients right to autonomy, they can be seen as working in a paternalistic manner (Butts Rich 2008). In Anitas case, the nurses worry that the consequences of the wound becoming infected is driving their desire to treat the wound irrespective of Anitas wishes. However, although the actions on behalf of nurses is clearly driven by obligations towards beneficence, nurses need to weigh up the harms and benefits of enforcing treatment before acting in such a way as to produce the best outcome for Anita (Edwards 2009). A paternalistic approach is frequently used to infringe upon a persons right to autonomy. This infringement is supported by the principle of beneficence, which is the argument frequently used to impose treatment on patients whether they want it or not (Buka 2008: 29). Should the decision to treat Anita for her self harm regardless of her wishes have gone ahead, there may have been a risk of impacting on the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. This relationship is built upon trust as well as purposeful and effective communication (Buka 2008) and is considered to be the cornerstone of nursing care (Lakeman 2009, Pryjmachuk 2011).Therefore the nurses would need to consider future risk as part of the ethical decision making process. Enforcing treatment on Anita may produce barriers to the therapeutic relationship such as difficulties in trusting the nurse in the future, disengagement from therapeutic communication, opposition and rejection of future treatment, increased self harming behaviours due to the trauma and hostility towards others (Kettles et al 2007, Byrt 2010), all of which may stop Anita from telling the nursing team when she self-harms in future episodes of distress. Which raises the principle of Nonmaleficence (doing no harm), in thi s instance to the therapeutic relationship, wellbeing and care of Anita. The decision to manage the wound on the ward and allow Anita time to calm and consider her options is, in the authors opinion, the correct course of action to take. As the wound was neither life threatening or of such a degree that it could not be safety managed upon the ward enabled the staff to consider the possibility of allowing Anita to make an autonomous choice. In considering Anitas wishes and agreeing a management plan to care for the wound incorporates both principles of Anitas autonomy and the nurses obligation towards beneficence. Beneficence could be interpreted to incorporate the patients autonomous choice as the best interests of the patient are intimately linked with their preferences [from which]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are derived our primary duties towards them (Beauchamp Childress 2009:207). If the nurses obligation to act beneficently is informed by the patients choices and preferences, then the respect for the patients autonomy will ultimately override any paternalistic actions on the part of the nurse (Beauchamp Childress 2009). This would not only encourage a supportive nurse-patient relationship but also provides care that is holistic, develops Anitas confidence in being able to negotiate her care and allows her to take greater personal responsibility, thus instilling empowerment and hope, all of which improve the potential for recovery. The practice of paternalism is now generally discouraged in health care (Butts Rich) and is considered unjustifiable in cases where the patient has capacity to make a decision (Edwards 2009, Beauchamp Childress 2009). Conclusion. Every decision that a nurse makes concerning the care of a patient needs to be considered from an ethical base. Any decision made from this ethical viewpoint has a higher probability of producing the best outcome under any given circumstance. The conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence that have been presented within this case study would both be ethically and morally correct courses of action to take. From this we can surmise that a morally correct course of action may involve two opposing principles being applicable in any one situation. Are large proportion of moral and ethical dilemmas that are faced by nurses stem from the conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence. However, the nurses ability to critically appraise risks and benefits will help them to make decisions that are beneficial to the patient involved. In encouraging autonomy for Anita involves taking risks on the part of the nurses which may go against their principles of Nonmaleficence and beneficence. However with collaborative working practices this case study has shown that solutions can be found in even the most complicated of nursing dilemmas. Word Count 2687.